Scientists have found the chemical evidence that links birth weight to health in later life and babies may one day have a blood test that tells them when they’ll start getting old.
Published in the International Journal of Epidemiology, an international study of twins led by King’s College London highlights how a technique called metabolomic profiling has revealed a collection of 22 metabolites – chemical fingerprints left behind as a result of early molecular changes before birth or in infancy – linked to aging.
One of these, linked to aging traits such as lung function and bone mineral density, is also strongly associated with birth weight, a well-known developmental determinant of healthy aging.
This finding suggests that levels of this metabolite, which may be determined in the womb and affected by nutrition during development, could reflect accelerated aging in later adult life.
Scientists say the findings show it is possible that these markers of aging can be identified with simple blood tests in the future, which may provide further clues to the aging process and could pave the way for development of therapies to treat age-related conditions.
Professor Tim Spector, Head of the Department of Twin Research at King’s College London, said that “scientists have known for a long time that a person’s weight at the time of birth is an important determinant of health in middle and old age, and that people with low birth weight are more susceptible to age related diseases.
“So far, the molecular mechanisms that link low birth weight to health or disease in old age had remained elusive, but this discovery has revealed one of the molecular pathways involved.”
Funded by the European Commission, researchers from King’s carried out metabolomic profiling, the study of metabolites that specific cellular processes or changes leave behind in the blood.
Analyzing blood samples donated by over 6000 twins, they identified 22 metabolites directly linked to chronological age. The concentrations of the metabolites were higher in older people than in younger people.
One particular metabolite, C-glyTrp, is associated with a range of age-related traits such as lung function, bone mineral density, cholesterol and blood pressure.
Crucially, researchers found it was also associated with lower weight at birth when they compared the birth weights of identical twins.
To explore the link between birth weight and the metabolite, the researchers showed via genetic tests that the gene influencing the levels could be modified epigenetically (whereby genes are switched on or off by chemical switches triggered by the person’s environment or lifestyle).
These epigenetic changes may then influence metabolism during a person’s lifetime, which in turn influences their risk of age-related diseases.
Ana Valdes, lead researcher from King’s, said that “human aging is a process influenced by genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors, but genes only explain a part of the story.
“Molecular changes that influence how we age over time are triggered by epigenetic changes. This study has for the first time used analysis of blood and epigenetic changes to identify a novel metabolite that has a link to birth weight and rate of aging,” she said.
“This unique metabolite, which is related to age and age-related diseases, was different in genetically identical twins that had very different weight at birth,” she said.
“This shows us that birth weight affects a molecular mechanism that alters this metabolite. This may help us understand how lower nutrition in the womb alters molecular pathways that result in faster aging and a higher risk of age-related diseases fifty years later.
“Understanding the molecular pathways involved in the aging process could ultimately pave the way for future therapies to treat age-related conditions. As these 22 metabolites linked to aging are detectable in the blood, we can now predict actual age from a blood sample pretty accurately and in the future this can be refined to potentially identify future rapid biological aging in individuals.”
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